Polysiloxane polymers may re-cement lifted cuticle scales and prevent damage from heat. Amino functional silicones are cationic substances but not necessarily are more substantive to the hair than dimethicone, depending on the size of the molecule and the charge of the system. Dimethicones are hydrophobic, so they adsorb better on virgin hair and root rather than tips. To enhance the deposition of dimethicone on chemical treated and damaged hair the products use cationic bridging agents which act increasing affinity between hair and the silicone.[4,5,12,24,23]
Disulfide bonds are cleaved using an alkaline reducing agent; then the hair is mechanically straightened using a comb during the reducing phase to restructure the position of disulfide bonds between new polypeptide keratins. They also react with peptide bonds, hydrolytically cleaving this linkage, producing acid and amine groups, and producing residues of aspartic and glutamic acids. The relaxers are applied on prewashed hair and after usage, must be rinsed off with running water. They provide the most permanent hair straightening but if applied with the wrong technique may cause scalp burns and hair breakage. The pH of alkaline straighteners varies from 12 to above 13. Hair is sensitive to pH value changes and alkaline solutions swell the fibers and open the cuticle scales. This can make the hair susceptible to friction, lowering its resistance and strength.
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Another study examined whether supplementation with curcumin and Boswellia serrata (BSE) gum resin for three months could affect plasma levels of markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and glycation in 47 male healthy master cyclists. All subjects were instructed to follow a Mediterranean diet with 22 subjects receiving a placebo and 25 receiving 50 mg of turmeric, corresponding to 10 mg of curcumin, as well as 140 mg of Boswellia extract, corresponding to 105 mg of Boswellia acid for 12 weeks. There was a positive effect observed on glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation in healthy male master athletes [60]. This study indicates the potential for combining curcumin with other agents to achieve health benefits.
ForeScout Technologies is transforming security through visibility. ForeScout offers a highly scalable, heterogeneous platform that provides Global 2000 enterprises and government agencies with agentless visibility and control of traditional and non-traditional devices, including IoT devices, the instant they connect to the network.
Hormones affect tissue structure and organization by affecting cell fate (for example, cellular proliferation, migration or differentiation) and/or death (that is, apoptosis or necrosis) during development and adulthood91,92,93. In adulthood, many healthy endocrine organs have a fairly stable number of cells (including adrenals and pancreas), whereas other endocrine organs or hormone-responsive tissues depend on cell growth for normal function (such as the testicles to form sperm, the uterine endometrium and vaginal lining). EDCs can alter the total number or positioning of cells in hormone-producing or hormone-responsive tissues by disrupting or promoting differentiation, proliferation, migration or cell death. For example, thyroid hormone controls cell proliferation and apoptosis in the developing cerebellum and PCBs can interfere with thyroid hormone signalling to cause abnormal morphology later in life94. Female mice exposed to oxybenzone, a chemical ultraviolet filter found in personal care products, during pregnancy and lactation have increased mammary epithelial cell proliferation, which is observed even weeks after exposures cease95. In cultured human endometrial stromal cells, treatment with the antibacterial agent triclosan increases decidualization96. In the brain (anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus), developmental exposure to a PCB mixture substantially decreases the numbers of cells expressing ERα in adult female but not male rats97. Further, tebuconazole, a common fungicide, impairs placental migration, a process essential to placentation98.
The KCs of EDCs are the functional properties of agents that alter hormone action. This emphasis is both unique and powerful in that these KCs comprise the major mechanisms by which hormone systems can be disrupted, including by interfering with what they do, how they do it and how they are controlled. The literature on the fundamental and clinical actions of hormones is extremely large and the KCs, as we have proposed them, open the process of EDC hazard identification to this literature. An essential element of the KC approach is that it superimposes on the fundamental endocrine framework the mechanisms by which chemicals can interfere with these systems. The KC approach is also adaptable in that users can collapse KCs (such as combine KC1 and KC2) if their given situation is advanced by this. The ten KCs described herein can also be mapped to current and future assays used to identify EDCs.
Over the past decades, only a few approaches have been proven to be effective in reducing mortality in ARDS patients, including a lung-protective ventilation strategy [4,5,6] and prone positioning [7, 8]. Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) have been the only pharmaceutical approach that is supposed to benefit patients with ARDS.
The Act of July 4, 1884, (23 Stat. 76, 98) was vague, saying, "That hereafter each Indian agent be required, in his annual report, to submit a census of the Indians at his agency or upon the reservation under his charge." The Act itself did not specify the collection of names and personal information. However, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs sent a directive in 1885 (Circular 148) that reiterated the statement and added further instructions: "Superintendents in charge of Indian reservations should submit annually, a census of all Indians under their charge." He told the agents to use the plan he had prepared for gathering the information. The sample showed columns for Number (consecutive), Indian Name, English Name, Relationship, Sex, and Age. Other information on the number of males, females, schools, school children, and teachers was to be compiled statistically and included separately in the annual report.
The 1885 and later censuses were compiled by the agents using forms sent by the BIA. There was supposed to be only one census for each reservation, except in a few cases where part of the reservation was in another state. The original was sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs; multiple copies were not created. The earliest censuses were written in by hand, but typing appeared quite early. Eventually the Commissioner issued instructions on exactly how to type some entries in, and requested that the family names be placed in alphabetical sections on the roll. For a while, a new census was taken each year and the entire roll redone. By 1921 agents were told to list all the people under their charge, and if a name was listed for the first time, or was not listed from the last year, an explanation was required. It was considered helpful to indicate the number for the person on the previous year's census. Persons also could be designated by a number peculiar to that reservation, if it was explained somewhere, or they could be listed as "N.E.", or "Not Enrolled." In the 1930s, sometimes only supplemental rolls showing the additions and deletions from the previous year were submitted. The regular process of taking the Indian censuses was discontinued in 1940, although a few later rolls exist. A new Indian Census was taken by the Census Bureau in 1950, but it will not be open to public use until 2022.
There were no instructions with the earliest census forms, except to include all Indians under the agent's charge, but the Commissioner did occasionally issue a statement about the census. Primarily he urged the agents to get the information and send it in on time, without much comment. The early instructions just said to include family groups with all the people living in each household. The agent was instructed to list the Indian and English names of the head of the household and the names, ages, and relationship of the other family members. The column for Indian Name continued, but in fact, Indian names were falling out of usage and were seldom included after about 1904. A directive in 1902 gave suggestions for how to translate Indian names to English in what would now be termed "politically correct" fashion. The usefulness of having all the family members share the same surname was pointed out, especially for the purposes of property or land ownership, so that children and wives would be known by the names of their fathers and husbands in questions of inheritance. The agents were told not to simply substitute English for the native language. It was suggested that a native name be retained as much as possible, but not if it were too difficult to pronounce and remember. If it were easily pronounced and mellifluous, it should be retained. Names of animals could be translated to the English version, such as Wolf, but only if the Indian word was too long and too difficult. "Foolish, cumbersome or uncouth translations which would handicap a self-respecting person should not be tolerated." Complex names such as Dog Turning Round might be better rendered, for example, as Turningdog, or Whirlingdog. Derogatory nicknames were to be dropped.
For years little guidance was given to help the agent determine whom to include. In 1909, he was asked to show how many resided on the reservation and how many allotted Indians were living on their allotments. That information was not included on the census roll itself, but as part of the annual report. He was urged to take pains to make the numbers accurate.
It wasn't until 1919 that any clarifying instructions about whom to include were added. The Commissioner directed superintendents and agents in Circular 1538, "In enumerating Indians who are not attached to your jurisdiction, they should be classified by tribal affiliations, in which case they should be designated by approximate blood relationship." He was referring to people living in the jurisdiction, but not from that reservation or tribe, rather than people not present and living off reservation. If they were listed with a family, the agent should tell what family relationship they bore to an enrolled person, and what tribe or jurisdiction to which they actually belonged. The Commissioner pointed out that both parents might not be members of the same tribe, for example, one might be Pima and one might be Hopi. The parents had the right to determine with which tribe the children should be identified, and agents were instructed to show the parents' selection as the first one, with a hyphen and the second tribe, as in Pima-Hopi. Very likely the only thing new by 1919 was to be sure to indicate the formal tribal affiliation of all. Formerly it might simply have been assumed from the census that the grandmother living with the family was actually a member of that tribe and reservation. Or she might not have been listed, because she really did belong with another tribe. Or if more than one tribe resided within a jurisdiction, the distinction might not have been made. In urging accuracy, the Commissioner said in 1921, "It does not seem to be generally appreciated that the census rolls are often the basis of the property rights of the Indian enrolled. An allotting agent looks to the census roll to determine who are entitled to allotments. An examiner of inheritances secures much of his information ... from the census rolls." (Circular 1671). But in many ways it was still the decision of the Superintendent or Agent as to whether someone should be included in the census. 2ff7e9595c
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